Relevance. The increasing prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular and oncological pathologies, contributes to high global mortality (over 40% of cases) and reduced quality of life. Comorbidity of these conditions complicates diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis; however, its assessment is hindered by methodological heterogeneity across studies. The aim of the study is investigate current challenges in cardiovascular-oncological comorbidity, including prevalence, clinical significance, risk factors, and the development of strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Materials and methods. A systematic analysis of international (Chinese Academy of Sciences, American Cancer Society) and domestic research data was conducted. Retrospective data from 35,861 oncology patients (China) and 15,626 cases (USA), as well as results from Russian studies (14,473 colorectal cancer patients), were utilized. Methods included comparative analysis of comorbidity criteria and evaluation of the impact of concomitant pathologies on diagnosis, treatment, and survival. Results. The prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidity ranged from 25.14% (hypertension — 21.9%, coronary artery disease — 6.5%) to 77.99%, depending on inclusion criteria. Key challenges identified: delayed cancer diagnosis due to symptom masking by chronic diseases (12–68.7% of cases); reduced access to radical treatment (30–60% lower in comorbid patients); worsened survival rates (e.g., 15–25% decline in breast cancer patients); low treatment adherence (30–60%) and polypharmacy, exacerbating treatment toxicity. Conclusions. Cardiovascular-oncological comorbidity necessitates an integrative approach: cardioprotection, cardiovascular parameter monitoring, personalized treatment, and polypharmacy minimization. Enhancing adherence through educational programs and rationalizing medication regimens may improve patient quality of life and prognosis.

The article discusses the emergency diagnosis of acute gastrointestinal bleeding and abdominal pain, which are common in outpatient settings and remain a challenging problem for primary medical care. The aim was to develop simplified algorithms for medical care provision in such conditions. The differences in initial clinical conditions and the main diagnostic criteria are focused. The algorithms take into account the current clinical guidelines.

The aim of the study: to study the features of clinical and laboratory parameters in pregnant women with preeclampsia. Materials and methods. A case-control study (continuous blind sampling method) was conducted among pregnant women who were delivered in the obstetric hospital of the Clinic of the SouthUrals State Medical University in Chelyabinsk (sample size 95 people). Control group 1 included 29 women whose pregnancy was not complicated by preeclampsia (they did not receive acetylsalicylic acid at 12– 16 weeks); group 2 consisted of 32 pregnant women with moderate preeclampsia; and group 3 consisted of 34 patients with severe preeclampsia. The outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth were studied (the results were obtained by means of questionnaires, analysis of medical documentation: a pregnant woman's medical record, birth history), a clinical and laboratory examination was performed, peripheral blood parameters, biochemical and hemostatic parameters were studied, and the leukocyte intoxication index was calculated. Results and conclusions. In severe preeclampsia, there was a significant decrease in hematocrit, the number of reticulocytes, relative microcytosis and hyperchromia of red blood cells, and an increase in the number of schizocytes. Changes in the leukocyte formula have been registered: a decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes, an increase in the Kalf-Kalif leukocyte intoxication index. In addition, there was a significant increase in the number of cases of thrombocytopenia. In severe preeclampsia, a significant increase (within the normal range during pregnancy) in ALT, AST, gamma-GTP, LDH, serum potassium and glucose levels was recorded against the background of a decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase, total protein and sodium levels. With increasing severity of preeclampsia, an increase in proteinuria and a decrease in tubular reabsorption were noted. In patients with preeclampsia, it was found to be reduced (within the normal range during pregnancy) antithrombin activity, increased induced platelet aggregation with ADP5. Additionally, in severe preeclampsia, a relative decrease in fibrinogen with an increase in the prothrombin index was revealed.

The effectiveness of a modern medical organization directly depends on the level of managerial competencies of its management and the personnel management reserve. This circumstance makes it necessary to diagnose the managerial competencies of the personnel reserve of a medical organization and develop measures to improve them. The aim of the study: to analyze the manifestation of managerial competencies of the personnel management reserve among students under the professional retraining program “Health organization and public health” during 2021–2023. The research method is a questionnaire based on an original tool developed by the authors — a diagnostic template. The analysis of the results was carried out on the basis of the obtained measurement base, the purpose of which is to assess the input level of manifestation of managerial competencies of the personnel management reserve of students under the professional retraining program. The multidirectional dynamics of both individual criteria and group criteria of managerial competencies are revealed. The results obtained can be used to update existing ones, as well as to develop new professional development programs for the personnel reserve of the system of continuing medical education.

The article is devoted to the different hernioplasty methods in giant postoperative ventral hernia. The purpose of the research is to analyse different methods of hernioplasty in giant postoperative ventral hernia and to find the most effective method of hernioplasty in this pathology. We have analysed the most popular methods of separation hernioplasty based on study literature. Among the front hernioplasty the most popular method is O. Ramirez hernioplasty. Among the back hernioplasty the most popular method is Novitskiy method (TAR — transabdominal muscle relies). And then we have analysed the clinical case of the Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Hospital. The special characteristics of this case were the volume of the lost domain (over 50%), the size of the hernial sac (325×250×150 mm) and the aponeurosis defect (20×18 cm). In this case the method of the Sklifosovsky Research Institute For Emergency Medicine “Submuscular-inlay” was used. We have analysed hernioplasty of this method that were used in giant postoperative ventral hernia from 2019 to 2024. We paid attention to the criteria of the sex and the age of patients and postoperative complications.

In practical classes at the Department of Pathophysiology, such forms as an inverted lesson, a lesson in the laboratory, a round table, business and role-playing games are used, as they allow you to better assimilate educational material, prepare for intermediate certification, acquire knowledge and skills of medical activity. The prerequisites for the introduction of new forms of education were modern technologies that allow access to a large amount of information, the expectations of students in obtaining new skills, the development of creative competencies that must meet the requirements of the modern labor market, the need to improve the quality of education, increase the competitiveness of higher education institutions and the need to attract talented school graduates to universities. New forms of education have a number of advantages: the immersive form gives full immersion in the topic under study, the opportunity to develop imagination and creativity, the inverted classroom allows you to save time in class to discuss complex issues, classes in the educational laboratory and VR classroom allow you to apply theoretical knowledge in practice, develop skills in research and analysis of experiments, a round table, Business and role-playing games allow you to develop teamwork and problem solving skills, exchange opinions and experiences, communication skills, argumentation and critical thinking.